Introduction to human body

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Anatomy — Structure

Physiology — Function

Definition - Human Anatomy is the study of the structure of the human body and how the body parts are organized.

Human Physiology is the study of the functions of body parts.

Scope of Anatomy & Physiology

HAP is designed to impart fundamental knowledge on the structure and functions of the various systems of the human body. It also helps in understanding both homeostatic mechanisms. The subject provides the basic knowledge required to understand the various disciplines of pharmacy.

HAP provide you with a foundation to work in science, academia or medicine. It helps you develop your critical thinking, analytical, communication and laboratory skills. With a physiology major, you can pursue careers in research, medical sales, healthcare, pharmaceuticals or teaching.

Levels of structural organization 

The following figure illustrates the hierarchical organization of these body components.

Simplified definitions of the various levels of organization within the body are:

Body Systems

The human body consists of eleven organ systems, each which contains several specific organs. An organ is a unique anatomic structure consisting of groups of tissues that work in concert to perform specific functions. Listed below are the eleven organ systems and their specific organs.

These processes are all vital for survival.

It consists of six different processes that are possessed by an organism that calculate the overall condition of life.

The different types of life processes include:

1. Nutrition
2. Metabolism
3. Respiration
4. Transportation
5. Reproduction
6. Metabolism

1. Nutrition

Human nutrition deals with the provision of essential nutrients in food that are necessary to support human life and good health.

The entire process of nutrition includes the following steps: ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation and egestion.

2. Metabolism

Metabolism refers to the chemical process by which different kinds of chemical reactions get involved to control the living state of the cells of that organism.

It is further divided into catabolism and anabolism

Catabolism is the process of breaking down food into simpler forms, releasing energy.

Anabolism is the process of using this energy to grow and repair cells in the body.

3. Respiration

The term respiration denotes the exchange of the respiratory gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the organism and the medium .

The lungs and respiratory system allow us to breathe. They bring oxygen into our bodies (called inspiration, or inhalation) and send carbon dioxide out (called expiration, or exhalation). This exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide is called respiration.

Delivers oxygen to the cells in your body. Removes waste gases, including carbon dioxide, from the body when you exhale.

4. Transportation

Transportation is very important for human being as it helps in providing nutrition to each and every cell, part, organ,tissue etc. it also contains transport of oxygen which is most important without which no human being can survive.

The various organs associated with this system include the heart, lungs, blood vessels, capillaries, and blood. The heart is the pumping organ that squirts out blood. ... Your blood travels through these blood vessels transporting oxygen, carbon dioxide, digested food, hormones and even waste products.

5. Reproduction

Human reproduction is any form of sexual reproduction resulting in human fertilization. It typically involves sexual intercourse between a sexually mature male and female.

The male gamete, or sperm, and the female gamete, the egg or ovum, meet in the female's reproductive system. When sperm fertilizes (meets) an egg, this fertilized egg is called a zygote (pronounced: ZYE-goat).

Reproduction is important for living organisms to maintain the continuity of their species.

6. Excretion

Excretion is the process of removing wastes and excess water from the body. It is an essential process in all living things and a major way the human body maintains homeostasis . Organs of excretion include the skin, liver, large intestine, lungs, and kidneys.

Humans have two kidneys and each kidney is supplied with blood from the renal artery. The kidneys remove from the blood the nitrogenous wastes such as urea, as well as salts and excess water, and excrete them in the form of urine. The urinary bladder collects and stores the urine until urination.